PEST PROBLEMS OF COCONUT HYBRID PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SCDP

SCDP is a World Bank and Government of Indonesia fundect project managed by the Directorate General of Estates of the Ministry of Agriculture. This project is responsbile for the planting of coconut hybrids as well as local talls, but mostly hybrids. Since 1981 to date, some 22,000 ha have already been planted to hybrids in 70 coconut working centers (CWC) widely scattered in 6 provinces such as Aceh, Lampung, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Maluku (Fig.1).

It is not the intention of this paper to present the results of research for there are none, nor to describe the pests of coconuts in Indonesia for most of thern are already well described ( Van der Laan, 1981), but to provide informations on the pest problems smallholder coconut farmers encounter in growing these hybrids from the nursery to the field. It is, hoped, however, that by presenting these pests problems, coconut researchers, particularly in the fields of crop protection and breeding, are provided feed backs and be guided accordingly in setting up their research priorities on the control of these coconut pests.

II. MAJOR PESTS IN THE NURSERY
Coconut pests can be conveniently divided into four groups; the invertebrate pests, vertebrate pests, plant pathogens (diseases), and weeds.
In the nursery, these groups were all observed to be present. However, the plant pathogens seem to be more common than the others. The plant pathogens of importance arc the fungi and MLO. The major diseases caused by these pathogens arc LEAFSPOTS (Caused by Helminthosporlum sp. and Pestalotiopsis (Pestalotia) palmarum), SPEAR ROT (caused Fusarium sp.), and DRY BUD ROT (caused by MLO and transmitted by a planthopper).
The invertebrate pests of importance are insects (Aspidiotus destructor, Plesispa reichei and Valanga nigricornis) and a species of red spider mite (Tetranychus sp.). They are mostly abundant during the dry season. For the vertebrate pests, rats and wild pigs are very important especially when the nursery is located near a forested area.

III. MAJOR PESTS IN THE FIELD
In terms of prevalence, area affected, and damaged caused, the invertebrate and vertebrate pests are, so far, more important than the plant pathogens.

Invertebrate Pests
During the past three years, the invertebrate pests of importance in coconut hybrid fields were the leaffeeding insects, particularly the beetles and caterpillars.
Beetles. The rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) is still the number one beetle pest of coconut hybrids, especially to newly transplanted palms. It was particularly important in four provinces: Maluku, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. In Lampung and Maluku provinces, Brontispa longissima is now one of the major insect pests of these hybrids. Last year, Promecotheca cumingii started to appear in SCDPfields in Central Sulawesi where there were high incidence in the local talls. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus var. schach has killed a few hybrids in North sulawesi and South Sulawesi. In both cases, however, high incidence of Oryctes had been observed.
Caterpillars. Among the caterpillars of economic importance were the leaffeeders. In the last three years Parasa lepida, Thosea lutea and Hidari Irava were of high incidence in Lampung province; Chalcocelis albiguttata in Maluku; and Darna catenata in North and Central Sulawesi.
Another caterpillar attacking female flowers, Tirathaba rufina, is fast becoming an important pest in all the provinces. It has caused heavy infestations in areas where hybrids are in their first year of flowering.
Long-horned grasshoppers. Although Sexava spp. are very important pests of local tall coconuts in Indonesia, at present they have not caused much damage yet to coconut hybrids in SCDP fields. Lately, however, they have been observed in a few CWCs located in the islands of Halmahera and Seram in the province of Maluku.
Sucking insects. Of the sucking insects feeding on coconut hybrids, the scale insect (Aspidiotus destructor) and whitefly (Aleurodicus destructor) are the most important. The former is widely distributed whereas the latter is becoming an important pest in Central and South Sulawesi provinces.

Vertebrate Pests
Wild pigs (Sus spp.) and rats (Rattus tiomancis) are the most common vertebrate pests in the field. Wild pigs are particularly important in areas located near or at the edge of the forest. They atttack newly transplanted areas, uprooting the seedlings and then eat the meat still intact in the nut. Rats, on the other hand, attack both the non-bearing and bearing palms. In non-bearing palms they chew the petioles causing them to break and dry up prematurely. In bearing trees, they feed on the green nuts. Rats are particularly abundant in fields with very thick cover crops.

Plant Pathogens
Fungi are the most important group of plant pathogens in SCDP fields. The fungus Phytophthora palmivora, causing bud rot disease in both immature and mature trees, is the most important at the moment. Observations indicate that where there is high incidence of Oryctes and/or Rhynchophorus beetles there is also high incidence of bud rot disease.
Other fungi commonly present are Helminthosporium sp. and Pestalotiopsis palmarmn, both causing leafspot diseases.

Insect Pests
Beetle. Exopholis hypoleuca (its grub feed on the roots and the adult feeding on the leaves) was observed in a hybrid coconut field in West Java and reported occurring in hybrid demplots in North Sulawesi, Bengkulu, and Bali (Wiryosoehardjo & Budiman. 1985). (Ginting & de Chenon, 1985),-Batrachedra arenosella had been reported occurring in hybrid demplots iii North Sulawesi, Bengkulu, and Bali (Wiryosoehardjo & Budiman, 1985);Ploneta diducta was observed in Central Java.

Diseases
Stem bleeding. This disease, which is caused by the fungus Ceratostomella (Thielaviopsis) paradoxa, has been reported occurring in several demplots located in West Sumatra, South Surnatral, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Maluku (Wiryosoehardjo & Budiman, 1985). A number of hybrids of bearing age have been killed in Maluku.

V. SUMMARY
l . As of April 1985, some 36 invertebrate pests, 3 vertebrate pests, 6 diseases, and 4 nutritional disorders were reported from the 70 CWCs (Table 1). Although there were several weed species growing in farmers' fields, only alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), was given due attention.
2. The importance of a pest varies with location. Some are important only in a few locations while others are important in several locations. In addition, several insect pests vary in species or varieties in certain locations (Table 1).
3. In the nursery, diseases are more important than insect pests, whereas the reverse is'true in the field. The diseases that have reached epidernic proportions in the nursery were the leafspots -used by Helminthosporium sp. and Pestalotiopsis palmarum. l he insect pests that have reached epidernic proportions in the field were Parasa lepida, Thosea lutea, Darna catenata, Chalcocelis albiguttata, Brontispa longissima, and Oryctes rhinoceros.

VI. CONCLUSION
Observations made on the pest populations in the 70 CWSs, in the past three years, have shown that all the three hybrids are equally susceptible to all the pests of the local coconut varieties in Indonesia. Likewise, they are quite sensitive to nutritional deficiencies or imbalances in the soil, particularly to nitrogen and boron.
The experience of SCDP in its pest monitoring shows further that crop protection wfll, undoubtedly, play a very important role in the cultivation of coconut hybrids in this country.

VI. SUGGESTED RESEARCH AREAS
1. Biological control of the major insect pests of coconut must be looked into particularly in mass rearing methods and release of the biological agents.