BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN THE ROOT REGION SOILS OF COCONUT PALM UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS A REVIEW
Keywords:
Coconut Palm, Cropping System, Beneficial Microorganisms
Abstract
The coconut palm is amenable to intensive crop combinations at most periods of its life and great possibilities exist for increasing the agricultural production through intensive cropping in coconut areas. Coconut palms are grown under diverse soil conditions ranging from littoral sands to clayey soils (Menon and Pandalai, 1960). In pure stand of coconuts at normal planting (7.5 x 7.5 m) density and management conditions, about 75% of the area is not being effectively utilised to the fullest extent by coconut roots (Kushwah et al. 1973). The intensive cropping system involving coconuts are essentially crop combinations which envisage the cultivation of other compatible crops in the interspaces between the palms. Depending upon the duration of additional crops, so grown, the system shall be considered as inter, mixed, multi‑storeyed or multispecies cropping. The crops chosen vary from tract to tract (Nelliat and Shama Bhat, 1979).
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BAVAPPA, K. V. A., KAILASAM, C., KHADER, K.B.A., BIDDAPPA, C. C., KHAN, H. H., KASTURI BAI, K. V., RAMADASAN, A., SUNDARARAJU, P., BOPAIAH, B. M., THOMAS G. V., MISHRA, L. P. : BALASIMHA, D., BHAT, N.T. AND SHAMA BHAT, 1986. Coconut and arecanut based high density multispecies cropping systems. J. Plant Crops. 14 : 74 87.
BOPAIAH, B. M. 1986. Asymbiotic N 2 fixers in coconut and Arecanut cropping systems. Workshop on beneficial microbes in Tree Crop Management 8 9 September 1986, CPCRI, Kasaragod, India.
BOPAIAH, B. M. 1987. Benef icial microorganisms in the root region soils on coconut based mixed farming system. VII, Southern Regional Conference on Microbial Inoculants. 25 26 June 1987, UAS Bangalore, India (abstract).
BOPAIAH, B. M. 1988A. Microbiological studies in relation to high density multispecies cropping systems in coconut. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore p. 168.
BOPAIAH, B. M. 1988B. Microbiological and biochemical studies in relation to high density multi¬species cropping system. CPCRI, Annual Report for 1987 pp. 30 31.
BOPAIAH, B. M. AND SHETTY, H. S. 1991a. Soil micro¬flora and biological activities in the rhizosphere and root region of coconut based multistoreyed cropping systems. Soil Bio. and Biochem. 23 : 89 94.
BOPAIAH, B. M. AND SHETTY, H. S. 1991b. Microbiology and fertility of coconut based mixed farming and coconut monocropping systems. Trop. Agri. 68: 135 138.
BOWEN, G. D. AND ROVIRA, A.D. 1968. The influence of microorganisms on growth and metabolism of plant roots. In W. J. Whittington (ed). Root growth, 170 201 Butterworths, London.
CLARK, F. F. F. 1949. Soil microorganisms and plant roots. Adv. Agron. 1: 241 288.
GHAI, S. K. AND THOMAS, G. V. 1989. Occurrence of Azospirillum spp. in coconut based farming systems. Plant and soil. 114: 235 247.
KUSHWAH, B. L., NELLIAT, E. V., MARKOSE, V. T. AND SUNNY, A.F. 1973. Rooting pattern of coconut (Cocoa nucifera L.) Indian J. Agron. 18: 71 74.
MENON, K. P. V. AND PANDALAI, K. M. 1960. The coconut palm a Monograph, Indian Central Coconut Committee. Ernakulam, India.
NAIR, S. K. and SUBBA RAO, N. S. 1977a. Microbiology of the root region of coconut and cocoa under mixed cropping. Plant and soil 46:511 519.
NAIR, S. K. and SUBBA RAO, N. S. 1977B. Distribution and activity of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in the rhizosphere of coconut and cocoa under mixed cropping. J. Plant Crops. 5 : 67 70.
NAIR, S. K. and SUBBA RAO, N. S. 1978. Occurrence of fungi in the coconut rhizosphere and rhizoplane and interaction among them. J. Plant Crops 6 : 96 97.
NAYAR, T. V. R. and SHAHASRANAMAM, K. N. 1979. Mixed farming in coconut gardens Root (wilt) affected tract. Nelliat E. V. and Shama Bhat (Ed.). Multiple cropping in coconut and arecanut gardens. Tech. Bull. CPCRI Kasaragod, India pp. 47 49.
NELLIAT, E. V. and SHAMA BHAT, K. 1979. Multiple cropping in coconut and arecanut gardens. Tech. Bull. Series 3. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India.
POTTY, V. P. 1977. Rhizosphere microflora of coconut palm with special reference to root (wilt) disease. Ph.D. Thesis University of Kerala, India.
POTTY, V. P. AND Jayashankar, N. P. 1976. Influence of crop mixing of hybrid napier on the root zone microf lora of coconut palm. In coconut research and development (ed.) NM Nayar, Willey Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 300 303.
POTTY, V. P. MATHEW GEORGE AND JAYASHANKER, N. P. 1977. Effect of crop mixing on the coconut rhizosphere. Indian Coconut J. 8 : 1 2.
ROVIRA, A. D. 1965. Plant root exudates and their influence upon soil microorganisms. In K. F. Baker and W. C. Snyders (ed) . Ecology of soil borne pathogen p. 70 186. University of California Press. Berkely, California.
SAHASRANAMAM, K. N., PILLAI, N. G. JAYASHANKAR, N. P., POTTY, V. P., THOMAS VARKEY, KAMALASHIAMMA, P. G. AND RADHA K. 1976. Mixed farming in coconut garden. Economics and its effect on root (wilt) disease. In coconut research and development (Ed) . NM NAYAR, WILLY Eastern Ltd., pp. 160 165.
STEVENSON, F. J. 1967. Organic acids in soil. A. D. Mc LAREN and G. H. PETERSON (Ed). 199 146. Soil Biochemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Published
1994-12-01
How to Cite
B. M. Bopaiah. (1994). BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN THE ROOT REGION SOILS OF COCONUT PALM UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS A REVIEW. CORD, 10(01), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v10i01.274
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