Effect of Systemic Soil Insecticides and a Plant Product on Microbial Load of Soil in Root (wilt) Affected Coconut Monocropping Ecosystem
Keywords:
Systemic Soil Insecticides, Coconut Monocropping Ecosystem
Abstract
The changes undergoing in the microorganism population due to the application of phorate 10G, carbofuran 3G (@ 10 g a.i./ palm) and neem oil cake (@ 1.5 kg / palm) in the basin region of coconut growing in root (wilt) affected area was studied. Generally, a high microbial population was observed in the control plot. Carbofuran proved to be more toxic as compared to phorate as it suppressed the bacterial, actinomycetal, and free-living N2 -fixer’s number significantly. Against Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter (nitrifiers), the influence was inconsistent. Neem oil cake enhanced bacterial and free-living N2-fixer count; against actinomycetes and fungi there was an initial stimulatory, and then antagonistic impact, whereas, it proved detrimental to the nitrifiers. From the six soil samplings done, spread over a period of six months, the microbial load was recorded to be high whenever there was moderate rainfall and medium temperature. Application of neem oil cake produced positive effect on the beneficial microorganisms as compared to the systemic insecticides.
References
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14) Gopal, Murali (1995) Effect of fluchloralin and neem based granules on soil microbial activity. PhD Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
15) Kandaswamy D, Marimuthu J, Oblisamy G and Subramanian TR (1977) Effect of application of insecticides on the HCN content and rhizospere microflora of sorghum crop. Madras Agr. J. 64 : 302 - 306.
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17) Manibhushan KR, Baby UI and Joe Y (1989) Effect of organic amendments on the saprophytic survival of the rice sheath blight pathogen and on the soil microflora. Oryza 26 : 71 - 78.
18) Martin JP (1950) Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci. 69 : 215 - 232.
19) Mathen K, Rajan P, Nair CPR, Sasikala M, Gunasekaran M, Govindankutty MP and Soloman JJ (1990) Transmission of root (wilt) disease to coconut seedlings through, Stephanitis typica (Distant) (Heteroptera : Tingidae). Trop. Agric. 67 (1) : 69 - 73.
20) Mathur SP, Hamilton HA and Vrain TC (1980) Influence of some field applied nematicides on microflora and mineral nutrients in organic soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B 15 : 61 - 65
21) Mishra MM, Neelakantan S, Khandelwal KC, Bharadwaj SK and Vyas SR (1975) Margosa (neem) seed cake as an inhibitor of nitrification. Soil Biol Biochem. 7: 183 - 184.
22) Mukherjee B, Mitra S and Das AC (1991) Effect of oil cakes on changes in carbon, nitrogen and microbial populations in soil. J.Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 39 : 457 - 462.
23) Nair SK and Subba Rao NS (1977) Microbiology of the root region of coconut and cacao under mixed cropping. Plant and Soil 46 : 511 - 519.
24) Nimbalkar SA, Pawar SN, Toley YM and Lanjewar RD (1989) Effect of granular systemic insecticides on soil microorganisms when applied to control sucking pests on cotton H.4 Magazine, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, India. 56 - 59 : 21 - 24.
25) Oblisamy G, Natarajan T and Bagyarai DJ (1979). Effect of carbofuran on certain microbiological and chemical properties of red soil. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 13 : 187 - 190.
26) Parr JF (1974) In "Pesticides in soil and water'' (Ed. Guenzi WD). Soil Sci. Am. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 315 - 340.
27) Patel BV and Desai SG (1985) Effect of insecticides on nitrification and ammonification activity in soil. Indian J. Microbiol. 25 : 26-28
28) Potty VP (1977) Rhizosphere microflora of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in relation to root (wilt) disease. PhD thesis, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India.
29) Radha K and Menon KPV (1954) Studies on the root (wilt) disease of coconut palm. A comparative study of the rhizosphere microflora of coconut from diseased and healthy trees. Indian Cocon. J. 7: 99 - 106.
30) Ramakrishna C, Rao VR and Sethunathan N (1978) Nitrification in simulated oxidized surface of a flooded soil amended with carbofuran. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10 : 555 - 556.
31) Rawther TSS and Radha K (1963) Studies on the seasonal variations in the rhizosphere microflora of coconut with special reference to fungi. Proc. First Conf. Cocon. Res. Workers. Trivandrum, India. pp. 298 - 305.
32) Santhi SR, Palaniappan SP and Purushottaman D (1986) Influence of neem leaf on nitrification in a lowland rice soil. Plant and Soil. 93 : 133 - 135.
33) Singh I and Prasad SK (1979) Influence of pesticides on rhizosphere and microbial population of mung and wheat crops. Indian J. Nematol. 8 : 102 - 109.
34) Sivasithamparam K (1970) Some effects of an insecticide dursban and weedicide linuron on the microflora of a submerged soil. The Riso 19 : 339.
35) Solomon JJ, Govindankutty MP and Neinhaus F (1983) Association of mycoplasma-like organisms with the coconut root (wilt) disease in India. Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz. 90 : 295 - 297.
36) Thomas GV (1987) Microbial population, enzyme activity, and VA mycorrhiza in the root region of coconut in relation to in situ green manuring. Proc. Placrosym 6 : 267 - 274.
37) TU CM (1972) Effect of four nematicides on activities of microorganisms in soil. Appl. Microbiol. 23 : 398 - 401.
38) Varshney V and Rana RS (1987) Studies on the effect of phorate, disyston and carbofuran on soil microflora of tarai soils. Pesticides 21 (4) : 37 - 42.
39) Waghray P Ashok (1997) Neem's Potential in Fertilizer Nitrogen Efficiency Improvement. Global Neem Update (Qtrly. Newsletter) 11 (2) : 8 - 10.
2) Alexander M and Clark FE (1965) Method for most probable number of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Method of soil analysis. part 2, pp. 1477 - 1480.
3) Allen ON (1959) In Experiments in Soil Bacteriology. 3rd edn. p.117.
4) Alice EJ, Karunakaran P and Samraj J (1980) A Comparative study of the rhizosphere microflora of coconut palms from diseased and healthy areas with reference to root (wilt). Indian Cocon.J. 11(2): 1-4.
5) Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) - Coconut Statistical Yearbook (1996) compiled by L. Tauffikkurahaman. pp 76.
6) Atlas RM, Pramer D and Bartha R (1978) Assessment of pesticide side effects on non target soil microorganisms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10 : 231 - 239.
7) Backman PA and Clark EM (1977) Effect del carbofuran Y otros pesticides sobre las microrizas vericulos arbusculares del mani. Nematropica 7 : 13.
8) Bopaiah BM (1994) Beneficial microorganisms in the root region soils of coconut palm under different cropping systems - A Review. Cord X (1): 68 - 77.
9) Bopaiah BM and Shetty HS (1991) Soil microflora and biological activities in the rhizosphere and root region of coconut based multistoried cropping systems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23 : 89 - 94.
10) Cochran WG (1950) Estimation of bacterial densities by means of "most probable number". Biometrics 6 : 105 - 116.
11) Cowley GT and Lichtenstein EP (1970) Growth inhibition of soil fungi by insecticides and annulment of inhibition of yeast extract or nitrogenous nutrients. J.Gen. Microbiol. 62 : 27 - 29.
12) Eppler A (1996) Bacteria. Seed kernel extracts. Bark extracts. Pure ingredients subheadings to chapter 3.2 in "The Neem Tree" (Ed. Schmutterer H) VCH Pubs.
13) Ghai SK and Thomas GV (1989) Occurrence of Azospirillum spp in coconut - based farming systems. Plant and Soil 114: 235 - 241.
14) Gopal, Murali (1995) Effect of fluchloralin and neem based granules on soil microbial activity. PhD Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
15) Kandaswamy D, Marimuthu J, Oblisamy G and Subramanian TR (1977) Effect of application of insecticides on the HCN content and rhizospere microflora of sorghum crop. Madras Agr. J. 64 : 302 - 306.
16) Lichtenstein EP, Mueller CH, Myrdal GR and Schulz KR (1962) Vertical distribution and persistence of insecticidal residues im soils as influenced by mode of application and a cover Crop. J. Econ. Entomol. 55 : 215.
17) Manibhushan KR, Baby UI and Joe Y (1989) Effect of organic amendments on the saprophytic survival of the rice sheath blight pathogen and on the soil microflora. Oryza 26 : 71 - 78.
18) Martin JP (1950) Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci. 69 : 215 - 232.
19) Mathen K, Rajan P, Nair CPR, Sasikala M, Gunasekaran M, Govindankutty MP and Soloman JJ (1990) Transmission of root (wilt) disease to coconut seedlings through, Stephanitis typica (Distant) (Heteroptera : Tingidae). Trop. Agric. 67 (1) : 69 - 73.
20) Mathur SP, Hamilton HA and Vrain TC (1980) Influence of some field applied nematicides on microflora and mineral nutrients in organic soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B 15 : 61 - 65
21) Mishra MM, Neelakantan S, Khandelwal KC, Bharadwaj SK and Vyas SR (1975) Margosa (neem) seed cake as an inhibitor of nitrification. Soil Biol Biochem. 7: 183 - 184.
22) Mukherjee B, Mitra S and Das AC (1991) Effect of oil cakes on changes in carbon, nitrogen and microbial populations in soil. J.Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 39 : 457 - 462.
23) Nair SK and Subba Rao NS (1977) Microbiology of the root region of coconut and cacao under mixed cropping. Plant and Soil 46 : 511 - 519.
24) Nimbalkar SA, Pawar SN, Toley YM and Lanjewar RD (1989) Effect of granular systemic insecticides on soil microorganisms when applied to control sucking pests on cotton H.4 Magazine, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, India. 56 - 59 : 21 - 24.
25) Oblisamy G, Natarajan T and Bagyarai DJ (1979). Effect of carbofuran on certain microbiological and chemical properties of red soil. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 13 : 187 - 190.
26) Parr JF (1974) In "Pesticides in soil and water'' (Ed. Guenzi WD). Soil Sci. Am. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 315 - 340.
27) Patel BV and Desai SG (1985) Effect of insecticides on nitrification and ammonification activity in soil. Indian J. Microbiol. 25 : 26-28
28) Potty VP (1977) Rhizosphere microflora of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in relation to root (wilt) disease. PhD thesis, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India.
29) Radha K and Menon KPV (1954) Studies on the root (wilt) disease of coconut palm. A comparative study of the rhizosphere microflora of coconut from diseased and healthy trees. Indian Cocon. J. 7: 99 - 106.
30) Ramakrishna C, Rao VR and Sethunathan N (1978) Nitrification in simulated oxidized surface of a flooded soil amended with carbofuran. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10 : 555 - 556.
31) Rawther TSS and Radha K (1963) Studies on the seasonal variations in the rhizosphere microflora of coconut with special reference to fungi. Proc. First Conf. Cocon. Res. Workers. Trivandrum, India. pp. 298 - 305.
32) Santhi SR, Palaniappan SP and Purushottaman D (1986) Influence of neem leaf on nitrification in a lowland rice soil. Plant and Soil. 93 : 133 - 135.
33) Singh I and Prasad SK (1979) Influence of pesticides on rhizosphere and microbial population of mung and wheat crops. Indian J. Nematol. 8 : 102 - 109.
34) Sivasithamparam K (1970) Some effects of an insecticide dursban and weedicide linuron on the microflora of a submerged soil. The Riso 19 : 339.
35) Solomon JJ, Govindankutty MP and Neinhaus F (1983) Association of mycoplasma-like organisms with the coconut root (wilt) disease in India. Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz. 90 : 295 - 297.
36) Thomas GV (1987) Microbial population, enzyme activity, and VA mycorrhiza in the root region of coconut in relation to in situ green manuring. Proc. Placrosym 6 : 267 - 274.
37) TU CM (1972) Effect of four nematicides on activities of microorganisms in soil. Appl. Microbiol. 23 : 398 - 401.
38) Varshney V and Rana RS (1987) Studies on the effect of phorate, disyston and carbofuran on soil microflora of tarai soils. Pesticides 21 (4) : 37 - 42.
39) Waghray P Ashok (1997) Neem's Potential in Fertilizer Nitrogen Efficiency Improvement. Global Neem Update (Qtrly. Newsletter) 11 (2) : 8 - 10.
Published
2001-06-01
How to Cite
Murali Gopal, Alka Gupta, P. Rajan, & C.P. Radhakrishnan Nair. (2001). Effect of Systemic Soil Insecticides and a Plant Product on Microbial Load of Soil in Root (wilt) Affected Coconut Monocropping Ecosystem. CORD, 17(01), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v17i01.345
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Articles
