STATUS OF COCONUT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN TANZANIA
Keywords:
Coconut Research, Coconut Development, Coconut Utilization
Abstract
Coconut is an important economic crop in the coastal belt of Tanzania and the island. However, production has been dwindling through the years due to various constraints, eg, poor plantation management, lack of improved planting materials, insect pests ‑ notably Oryctes monoceros Oliv, and the coreid bug, Pseuclotheraptus wayi Brown plus a lethaf‑disease presently belie to be caused by mycoplasmalike organisms.
To offset further decline of the industry, the National Coconut Development Programme was created by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, assisted by the Federal Republic of Germany and the World Bank. Production promotion activities were implemented ‑ conducting selection works on the East African Tall coconut population, establishment of seed gardens to produce high yielding planting materials and supporting extension to disserninate technical information. Simultaneously, researches in agronomy, breeding, pest and disease control were conducted. Lately, farming systems research was added as a new project component. Significant findings on the various research areas are discussed in this paper plus some aspects of utilization, processing and marketing.
References
Agrar und Hydrotechnik GmbH. 1980. Land Suitability Survey. Phase I. A Consultancy Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 182.
Allard, G. B. 1984. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Balingasa, E. N. and Herz Schweizer, M. 1983. Coconut population in Tanzania. Ann. Tech. Rept. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.
Balingasa, E. N. 1984. Coconut agriculture in Tanzania. Coconuts Today 11: 118:126.
Barkey, H. 1988. End of Tour Report. Coconut Extension Service. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Bock, K. R., Ivory, M. H. and Adams, B. R. 1970. Lethal bole rot disease of coconut in East Africa. Ann. Appl. Biol. 66: 453 464.
Carlton, W. , E., Tidbury, G. E. and Walker, G. F. 1955. A study of the more important soils of Zanzibar Proterate. East Afr. J. 21: 53 60.
FAO. 1974. FAO UNESCO soil map of the world. Vol. l FAO/ UN, Rome and UNESCO Paris.
Friedenchs, K. 1913. Zum heudgen Stande de Nasshornfaefer Bekaempfung in Samoa. Der Tropenpflanzer 17: 538 558.
Harlan, D. 1981. Large area tests of AC 217,300 bait for control of imported fire ants in Alabama, Lousiana and Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 6: 150 157.
Harries, 1 1. C. 1977. The Cape Verde region (1499 to 1549); the key to,coconut culture in the Western Hemisphere? Turrialba Quart. 37: 227 231.
Harries, H. C. 1978. The evolution, dissemination and classifica¬tion of Cocos nucifera L. Bot. Rev. 44: 265 319.
Johns, R. 1938. a study of coconut palm yields and seed selection in Zanzibar. East Afr. J. 1986 194.
Julia, J.F. and Mariau, D. 1976. Recherches sur I'Oryctes monoceros Oliv. en Cote d'lvoire. I. Lutte biologigque. Le role de la plante de couverture. Oleagineux 31: 63 68.
Kaiza, D. A. 1987. History and Etiology of the Lethal Disease of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Sokoine Univ. of Agric., Tanzania, pp. 138.
Keyserlingk, N. 1985. Evaluation Report on the Pest Control Sectlon. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 68.
Lofchie, M. F. 1965. Zanzibar: Background to Revolution. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 316
Lomer, C. J. 1983. Biological control of Oryctes monoceros with Baculovirus oryctes in Seychelles. Final Report Sychelles Coconut Pest Project, Seychelles pp. 62.
Morstatt, H. 1920. Die herzfaule der kokospalmen. Eine pflanzenpathologische Studie. Beiheff 3 zum Tropenflazer 23: 124.
NCDP. 1987. Prograrnme Phase 11 Preparation Report. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Nienhaus, F., Schuiling, M., Glem, G., Schinzer, U., and Spittel, A. 1981. Investigation on the etiology of the lethal disease of coconut palms in Tanzania. J. of Plant Diseases and Prot. 89(4): 185 193.
Oswald, S. 1988. Suitability of Endosulfan, Dimethoate and Formethanate for the ad hoc and integrated control of Pseudotheraptus wayi (Brown) Heteroptera (Coreidae). Rept. of Pest Control Section, NCDP, Zanzibar, pp. 11.
Oswald, S. 1988. Suitability of "AMDRO" fire ant bait against the brown ant Pheidole megacephala in an integrated control approach against the coconut bug Pseudotheraptus in Zanzibar. Rept. of Pest Control Section, NCDP, Zanzibar, pp. 12.
Paul, W. D. and Mwabukusi, H. J. 1983. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 18.
Purrini, K. 1984. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 22.
Purrini, K. 1984. On disease agents of insect pests of wild palms and forests in Tanzania. Paper pressented at the IUFRO Symposium "Man made outbreaks of forest pests and their control", held Aug. 13 17, 1984 at the Univ. of Gottingen, Fed. Rep. of Germany.
Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical Crops: Monocotyleclons. Longmans, pp. 540
Revington, T. M. 1936. Some notices on the Mafia Island Group (Mafia, Chole, Juani and Jibondo). Tanganyika Notes and Records 1: 33 37.
Robinson, A. E. 1937. The Shirazi colonization of East Africa. Tanganyika Notes and Records 3: 40 81.
Romney, D. H. 1987. Agronomy Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 56.
Samways, M. J. 1985. Appraisal of the proprietary bait "AMDRO" for control on Southern African citrus. Citrus and Sub trop. Fruit J. 621: 14 17.
Schuiling, M., Nienhaus, F and Kaiza, D. A. 1981. The syndrome in coconut palms affected by a lethal disease in Tanzania. J. Plant Dis. and Prot. 88: 665 667.
Schuiling, M. 1987. Research by Disease Control Section. Programme Phase 11 Preparation Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 35.
Seguni, Z. S. K. and Lohr, B. 1987. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 29.
Stein, H. 1905. Die kokosnuss und deren Bearbeitung in Deutsch¬-Ostafrika. Der Tropenpflanzer 9: 195 201.
Steiner, K. G., Nienhaus, F. and Marschall, K. G. 1977. Rickettsia like organisms associated with a decline of coconut in Tanzania. z. Pflkrankh. PflSchutz 84: 345 351.
Steiner, K. G. 1978. Suspected lethal yellowing disease of coconut palms in Tanzania. FAO Plant Prot. Bull, 26: 10 12.
Swynnerton, R. J. M. 1946. The importance of the coconut industry on the Tanga Coast. East Afr. Agric. J. 17: 11 117.
Wuidart, W. 1980. Improvement of the Tanzanian Coconut Groves. IRHO Doc. No. 1503 pp. 71.
Vanderplank, F. L. 1959. Studies on the coconut pest, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Coreidae) in Zanzibar. l A method of assessing the darnage cause by the insect. Bull. Entorn. Res. 49. 559 585.
Way, M. J. 1953. Studies on Theraptus sp. (Coreldae): The cause of the gumming disease of coconuts en East Africa. Bull. Entorn. Res. 44: 657 669.
Way, M. J. 1983. Report on Consultant's Visit to Tanzania to Examine and Advise on the Pseudotheraptus wayi Problem on Coconut. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 82.
Zelazny, B. 1979. Loss in coconut yield due to Oryctes rhinoceros darnage. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 27: 65 70.
Allard, G. B. 1984. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Balingasa, E. N. and Herz Schweizer, M. 1983. Coconut population in Tanzania. Ann. Tech. Rept. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.
Balingasa, E. N. 1984. Coconut agriculture in Tanzania. Coconuts Today 11: 118:126.
Barkey, H. 1988. End of Tour Report. Coconut Extension Service. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Bock, K. R., Ivory, M. H. and Adams, B. R. 1970. Lethal bole rot disease of coconut in East Africa. Ann. Appl. Biol. 66: 453 464.
Carlton, W. , E., Tidbury, G. E. and Walker, G. F. 1955. A study of the more important soils of Zanzibar Proterate. East Afr. J. 21: 53 60.
FAO. 1974. FAO UNESCO soil map of the world. Vol. l FAO/ UN, Rome and UNESCO Paris.
Friedenchs, K. 1913. Zum heudgen Stande de Nasshornfaefer Bekaempfung in Samoa. Der Tropenpflanzer 17: 538 558.
Harlan, D. 1981. Large area tests of AC 217,300 bait for control of imported fire ants in Alabama, Lousiana and Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 6: 150 157.
Harries, 1 1. C. 1977. The Cape Verde region (1499 to 1549); the key to,coconut culture in the Western Hemisphere? Turrialba Quart. 37: 227 231.
Harries, H. C. 1978. The evolution, dissemination and classifica¬tion of Cocos nucifera L. Bot. Rev. 44: 265 319.
Johns, R. 1938. a study of coconut palm yields and seed selection in Zanzibar. East Afr. J. 1986 194.
Julia, J.F. and Mariau, D. 1976. Recherches sur I'Oryctes monoceros Oliv. en Cote d'lvoire. I. Lutte biologigque. Le role de la plante de couverture. Oleagineux 31: 63 68.
Kaiza, D. A. 1987. History and Etiology of the Lethal Disease of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Sokoine Univ. of Agric., Tanzania, pp. 138.
Keyserlingk, N. 1985. Evaluation Report on the Pest Control Sectlon. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 68.
Lofchie, M. F. 1965. Zanzibar: Background to Revolution. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 316
Lomer, C. J. 1983. Biological control of Oryctes monoceros with Baculovirus oryctes in Seychelles. Final Report Sychelles Coconut Pest Project, Seychelles pp. 62.
Morstatt, H. 1920. Die herzfaule der kokospalmen. Eine pflanzenpathologische Studie. Beiheff 3 zum Tropenflazer 23: 124.
NCDP. 1987. Prograrnme Phase 11 Preparation Report. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Nienhaus, F., Schuiling, M., Glem, G., Schinzer, U., and Spittel, A. 1981. Investigation on the etiology of the lethal disease of coconut palms in Tanzania. J. of Plant Diseases and Prot. 89(4): 185 193.
Oswald, S. 1988. Suitability of Endosulfan, Dimethoate and Formethanate for the ad hoc and integrated control of Pseudotheraptus wayi (Brown) Heteroptera (Coreidae). Rept. of Pest Control Section, NCDP, Zanzibar, pp. 11.
Oswald, S. 1988. Suitability of "AMDRO" fire ant bait against the brown ant Pheidole megacephala in an integrated control approach against the coconut bug Pseudotheraptus in Zanzibar. Rept. of Pest Control Section, NCDP, Zanzibar, pp. 12.
Paul, W. D. and Mwabukusi, H. J. 1983. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 18.
Purrini, K. 1984. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 22.
Purrini, K. 1984. On disease agents of insect pests of wild palms and forests in Tanzania. Paper pressented at the IUFRO Symposium "Man made outbreaks of forest pests and their control", held Aug. 13 17, 1984 at the Univ. of Gottingen, Fed. Rep. of Germany.
Purseglove, J. W. 1972. Tropical Crops: Monocotyleclons. Longmans, pp. 540
Revington, T. M. 1936. Some notices on the Mafia Island Group (Mafia, Chole, Juani and Jibondo). Tanganyika Notes and Records 1: 33 37.
Robinson, A. E. 1937. The Shirazi colonization of East Africa. Tanganyika Notes and Records 3: 40 81.
Romney, D. H. 1987. Agronomy Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 56.
Samways, M. J. 1985. Appraisal of the proprietary bait "AMDRO" for control on Southern African citrus. Citrus and Sub trop. Fruit J. 621: 14 17.
Schuiling, M., Nienhaus, F and Kaiza, D. A. 1981. The syndrome in coconut palms affected by a lethal disease in Tanzania. J. Plant Dis. and Prot. 88: 665 667.
Schuiling, M. 1987. Research by Disease Control Section. Programme Phase 11 Preparation Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 35.
Seguni, Z. S. K. and Lohr, B. 1987. Pest Control Section Annual Technical Report. National Coconut Development Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 29.
Stein, H. 1905. Die kokosnuss und deren Bearbeitung in Deutsch¬-Ostafrika. Der Tropenpflanzer 9: 195 201.
Steiner, K. G., Nienhaus, F. and Marschall, K. G. 1977. Rickettsia like organisms associated with a decline of coconut in Tanzania. z. Pflkrankh. PflSchutz 84: 345 351.
Steiner, K. G. 1978. Suspected lethal yellowing disease of coconut palms in Tanzania. FAO Plant Prot. Bull, 26: 10 12.
Swynnerton, R. J. M. 1946. The importance of the coconut industry on the Tanga Coast. East Afr. Agric. J. 17: 11 117.
Wuidart, W. 1980. Improvement of the Tanzanian Coconut Groves. IRHO Doc. No. 1503 pp. 71.
Vanderplank, F. L. 1959. Studies on the coconut pest, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Coreidae) in Zanzibar. l A method of assessing the darnage cause by the insect. Bull. Entorn. Res. 49. 559 585.
Way, M. J. 1953. Studies on Theraptus sp. (Coreldae): The cause of the gumming disease of coconuts en East Africa. Bull. Entorn. Res. 44: 657 669.
Way, M. J. 1983. Report on Consultant's Visit to Tanzania to Examine and Advise on the Pseudotheraptus wayi Problem on Coconut. National Coconut Development Prograrnme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, pp. 82.
Zelazny, B. 1979. Loss in coconut yield due to Oryctes rhinoceros darnage. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 27: 65 70.
Published
1989-06-01
How to Cite
E. N. BALINGASA. (1989). STATUS OF COCONUT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN TANZANIA. CORD, 5(02), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v5i02.229
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Articles
