THE DISTRIBUTION, IMPORTANCE, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL, OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) K.& R.A MAJOR WEED SPECIES OF COCONUT PLANTATION IN SRI LANKA
Keywords:
Coconut Plantation, Biological Methods
Abstract
Chromolaena odorata (1.) K. & R. is a tropical perennial weed species qf the Asteraceae family that has become a serious problem in coconut plantations in Sri Lanka and in the tropics of Asia and Africa. The history of distribution, habitat and economic importance is summarized The botanical features and seed biology of this species are presented in this review Finally information on the control measures such as mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological methods is discussed.
References
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BENNETT, F. D. and RAO, V. P. (1968) Distribution of an introduced week Eupatorium odoratum in Asia and Africa and possibility of its biological control, PANS 14, 277 281
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CRUTFWELL, R. E. (1968) Preliminary survey of potential biological control agents of Eupatorium in Trinidad. Pro¬ceedings of 9th British Weed Control Conference. p. 836¬-841
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JOY, P. J., LYLA, K.R. and ABRAHAM, C.C. (1979) Preliminary studies on the aphid pests of Eupatorium odoratum an important weed in plantations of Kerala. Proceeding of Second Annual Symposium of Plantation Crops, Ooty. 272¬275.
JULIAN, M.H. (1987) Biological control of weeds: A world cata¬logue of agents and their target weeds. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford.
KING, R. and ROBINSON, H. (1970): Chromolaena. Phytologia, 20, P. 244
LANN, P.A. (1940) Motschildluis en Eupatorium als oorzaken van pseudomozaiek. Vluqsehr. Deli. Proefst. Medau. 67. 4 6.
LITZENBERGER, S. and LIP, H.T. (1961): Utilization Etipatorium odoratum L. to improve crop yields in Carnhodia. Agronomy Journal, 53, 321 324.
MATHEW, M., PUNNOOSE, K.I. and POTTY, S. N. (1977) Report on the results of chemical weed control experiments in the rubber plantations in South India. Journal of Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka., 54, 478 488
MUNIAPPAN, R. and WIRAKTAMATH, C. A. (1986) Insects and mites associated with Chromolaena odorata. Entomon, 11 285 287.
NAEZER, H. W. and MEER MOHR. (1953) Insects and Eupatorium odoratum. Tropical Nature, Bogor, Indonesia, 33, 59 60
NAIR, P. N. (1973) The effect of gramoxone application on Eupatorium odoratum. Indian Forester. 99 43 48
OLAOYE, S. O. A. (1977) The effect of slashing on the performance of Eupatorium odoratum in Nigeria. Proceedings of 7th Nigerian Weed Science Society Conference.
PANCHO, J. V. and PLUCKNETT, D. L. (1977) Chromolaena odorat. R.M. King and H.R. Robinson. A new record of a noxious weed in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Animal Science, 8 143 149.
PUCKDEEDINDAN, P. (1966) A supplementary host list of plant diseases in Thailand. Technical Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok.
RAI, S.N. (1976) Eupatorium and weedicides. Indian Forester, 102, 449 454.
RAMANI, N. and HAQ, M.A. (1983) Oribatid mites (Acari) asso¬ciated with Eupatorium odoratum. Indian Coconut Jour nal of Acarology, 8 95 99.
SAISE, P.E., R.K. NORCIO, N.V. and LALES, J.S. (1974) The bio¬logy of Chromolaena oclorata. (L.) K. & R. 1. Flow¬ering behavior, pattern of growth and nitrate meta¬bolism. Philippine Weed Science Bulletin, 1 17 34.
SALGADO, M.L.M. (1972) Teprosia purpure (Pila) for the control of Eupatorium and as a green manure on coconut estates. Ceylon Coconut Planters Review 6 160 174.
SHELDRICK, R. D. (1968) The control of Siam weed (Eupatorium odoratum L.). Joumal of Nigerian Institute of Oil Palm Research, 5, 4 19.
SOERJANI, M., SOEDARSAN, A., MANGOENSOEKARJO, S., KUNTOHARTONO, T. and SUNDARU, M. (1975). Weed Problems and Prospects for Chemical control in Indonesia. 5th Conference of the Asian Weed Sci¬ence Society.
TUMALIUAN, B. T. and HALOS, S. C. (1979). Screening herbici¬dal preparations and mixtures for clearing reforesta¬tion areas. Sylvatrop Philippines Forest Research Journal, 4 151 159.
WEERAKON, W.L. (1972) Studies on biology and control. of Eupa¬torium odoratum. M. Sc. thesis, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka.
WOODWARD, F. 1. and WILLIAMS, B. G. (1987). Climate and plant distribution of global and local scales. Vegetatio, 69, 189 197.
BENNETT, F. D. and RAO, V. P. (1968) Distribution of an introduced week Eupatorium odoratum in Asia and Africa and possibility of its biological control, PANS 14, 277 281
BRITTON, N.L. and MILLPAUGH, C.F. (1962) The baharna Flora. The New York Botanical Garden, 438.
COCK, M. J. W. (1984): Possibilities for biological control of Chromolaena odorata. Tropical Pest Management, 30, 7 13
CRUTFWELL, R. E. (1968) Preliminary survey of potential biological control agents of Eupatorium in Trinidad. Pro¬ceedings of 9th British Weed Control Conference. p. 836¬-841
ERASMUS, D.J. (1988) A review of mechanical and chernical control of Chromolaena odorata, in South Africa. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Biological Control of C. odorata. Feb.29 March 4, 1988, Bangkok, Thailand. 37 39
ERASMUS, D. J. and VAN STADEN, J. (1986) Germination of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. achenes: effect of tem¬perature and light. Weed Research, 26 75 81
ERASMUS, D. J. and VAN STADEN, J. (1986) Germination of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. achenes: effect of storage, har¬vest, locality and the pericarp. Weed Research, 27, 113 118.
GARRY, R. (1963) The changing fortunes and future of pepper growing in Cambodia. Journal of Tropical Geography,.L7, 133 142
GRIERSON, A. J. C. (1980) Compositae in Flora of Ceylon. Smithsonian Institute, USA, P l
GOODING, E. C. B., LOVESS, A. R. and PROCTOR, G. R. (1965) Flora of Barbados. H.M. Stationary office, London
HOLM, L. G., PLUCKNETT, D. L., PANCHO, J. V. and HER¬BERGER, J. P. (1977). The world's worst weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
JOY, P. J., LYLA, K.R. and ABRAHAM, C.C. (1979) Preliminary studies on the aphid pests of Eupatorium odoratum an important weed in plantations of Kerala. Proceeding of Second Annual Symposium of Plantation Crops, Ooty. 272¬275.
JULIAN, M.H. (1987) Biological control of weeds: A world cata¬logue of agents and their target weeds. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford.
KING, R. and ROBINSON, H. (1970): Chromolaena. Phytologia, 20, P. 244
LANN, P.A. (1940) Motschildluis en Eupatorium als oorzaken van pseudomozaiek. Vluqsehr. Deli. Proefst. Medau. 67. 4 6.
LITZENBERGER, S. and LIP, H.T. (1961): Utilization Etipatorium odoratum L. to improve crop yields in Carnhodia. Agronomy Journal, 53, 321 324.
MATHEW, M., PUNNOOSE, K.I. and POTTY, S. N. (1977) Report on the results of chemical weed control experiments in the rubber plantations in South India. Journal of Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka., 54, 478 488
MUNIAPPAN, R. and WIRAKTAMATH, C. A. (1986) Insects and mites associated with Chromolaena odorata. Entomon, 11 285 287.
NAEZER, H. W. and MEER MOHR. (1953) Insects and Eupatorium odoratum. Tropical Nature, Bogor, Indonesia, 33, 59 60
NAIR, P. N. (1973) The effect of gramoxone application on Eupatorium odoratum. Indian Forester. 99 43 48
OLAOYE, S. O. A. (1977) The effect of slashing on the performance of Eupatorium odoratum in Nigeria. Proceedings of 7th Nigerian Weed Science Society Conference.
PANCHO, J. V. and PLUCKNETT, D. L. (1977) Chromolaena odorat. R.M. King and H.R. Robinson. A new record of a noxious weed in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Animal Science, 8 143 149.
PUCKDEEDINDAN, P. (1966) A supplementary host list of plant diseases in Thailand. Technical Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok.
RAI, S.N. (1976) Eupatorium and weedicides. Indian Forester, 102, 449 454.
RAMANI, N. and HAQ, M.A. (1983) Oribatid mites (Acari) asso¬ciated with Eupatorium odoratum. Indian Coconut Jour nal of Acarology, 8 95 99.
SAISE, P.E., R.K. NORCIO, N.V. and LALES, J.S. (1974) The bio¬logy of Chromolaena oclorata. (L.) K. & R. 1. Flow¬ering behavior, pattern of growth and nitrate meta¬bolism. Philippine Weed Science Bulletin, 1 17 34.
SALGADO, M.L.M. (1972) Teprosia purpure (Pila) for the control of Eupatorium and as a green manure on coconut estates. Ceylon Coconut Planters Review 6 160 174.
SHELDRICK, R. D. (1968) The control of Siam weed (Eupatorium odoratum L.). Joumal of Nigerian Institute of Oil Palm Research, 5, 4 19.
SOERJANI, M., SOEDARSAN, A., MANGOENSOEKARJO, S., KUNTOHARTONO, T. and SUNDARU, M. (1975). Weed Problems and Prospects for Chemical control in Indonesia. 5th Conference of the Asian Weed Sci¬ence Society.
TUMALIUAN, B. T. and HALOS, S. C. (1979). Screening herbici¬dal preparations and mixtures for clearing reforesta¬tion areas. Sylvatrop Philippines Forest Research Journal, 4 151 159.
WEERAKON, W.L. (1972) Studies on biology and control. of Eupa¬torium odoratum. M. Sc. thesis, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka.
WOODWARD, F. 1. and WILLIAMS, B. G. (1987). Climate and plant distribution of global and local scales. Vegetatio, 69, 189 197.
Published
1995-06-01
How to Cite
T.G.L.G. Gunasekara. (1995). THE DISTRIBUTION, IMPORTANCE, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL, OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) K.& R.A MAJOR WEED SPECIES OF COCONUT PLANTATION IN SRI LANKA. CORD, 11(02), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v11i02.294
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