Study of some Morphological Characters in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) as Effected by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments in Sandy Loam Soil of Karachi, Pakistan
Keywords:
Coconut, morphological characters, stem, leaf, organic, inorganic, fertilizers
Abstract
A comparison is made on the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the some morphological characters of coconut. The study demonstrated that the treatments T1 {Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Muriate of potash (NPK) + Neem seed powder (NSP) + Gliricidiasepium leaves (GSL)} and T2 (NPK+ GSL) significantly increased most of the morphological characters (stem girth, number of leaves, petiole and leaflets). The study revealed that vegetatively the coconut was grown well on soil amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers. The morphological characters i.e the stem girth (173.77 cm) of coconut at 20 cm height T1 (NPK + NSP + GSL) treatment produced maximum girth as compared to T2 to T8 {T2 (NPK+ NSP), T3 (NPK+ GSL), T4 (NSP + GSL), T5 (NPK), T6 (GSL), T7 (NSP), T8 (Control)} treatments. The 11 leaf scars length (80.44 cm) was significantly (p<0.05) highest in T1 as compared to T3 to T8 treatments. The present study also revealed that the number of leaves (28.77) were significantly (p<0.05) greater in T1 as compared to T5 to T8 treatments. The petiole length (139.44 cm) and thickness (3.27 cm), were found significantly (p<0.05) highest in T1 as compared to T8 treatment. Leaflets length and number of leaflets were significantly high in T1 and T2 as compared to T3 to T8 treatments while, the leaflets width (5.04 cm) was significantly high in T1 as compared to other treatments. It is therefore, recommended that treatment T1 {NPK (1.0:0.5:1.0kg) + NSP (10.0kg) + GSL (20.0kg)}/palm/year was enough to improve the morphological characters to enhance future productivity.
References
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Marimuthu R, Athmanathan U, Mohandas S. and Mohan S. 2001.Integrated nutrient management for coconut. South Indian Horticulture, 49: 145-148.
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Mohandas S. 2012. Effect of NPK fertilizer levels on mineral nutrition and yield of hybrid (Tall x Dwarf) coconut. Madras Agri. J., 99 (1-3): 87-91.
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Nair A. K. and Nair S.A. 2006. Influence of farm yard manure and nutrients on ridge and sponge gourd yield inter-cropped with coconut palm in south Andaman. International Journal of Agriculture Science, 2(1): 284-285.
Nath J. C, Chowdhary D. and Deka K.K. 2003. Nutritional requirement of COD x WCT Hybrid coconut in alluvial clay - loam soil of Asam. Journal of Plantation Crops, 31(2): 37-40.
Perera SA.C.N, Ekanayake G.K. and Herath, H.M.N.B. 2015. An investigation of the tender nut potential of diverse coconut (Coco nucifera L.) varieties / forms in Sri Lanka. CORD, 31(1):39-45.
Santos GA, Batugal P.A, Othman L, Baudouin L. and J. P. Labouisse. 1996. Manual on standardized research techniques in coconut breeding. IPGRI-COGENT, Singapore, 6-46.
Secretaria M.I. and Maravilla J.N. 1997. Response of hybrid coconut palm to application of manures and fertilizers from field planting to full-bearing stage. Plantations, Recherche & Développement, 4(2): 126-138.
Solangi AH, Iqbal M. Z. and Shafiq M. 2014. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments on Inflorescence and flower Morphology and Yield of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). CORD, 3(2):10-18.
Solangi AH. 2013. Thesis entitled “Determination of Morphological Diversity and Yield of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments”. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) in Botany.
Solangi AH. and Iqbal M Z. 2012. Preliminary studies on morphological diversity of coconut seedlings by organic and inorganic fertilizers amendments at Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(1): 161-164.
Solangi A H. 2001. Characterization of Twenty Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties based on leaf Morpho-Physiological markers. MS Thesis, University of Philippine, Los Banos, Philippines.28-34.
Steel R G.D, Torrie J H. and Dickey D. 1996. Principles and procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical approach, 3rd edn. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. Singapore.34.
Subramanian P, Dhanapal R, Sanil P, Palaniswami C, Sairam C.V. and Matheswarappa H.P. 2005. Gliricidia as green manure in improving soil fertility and productivity of coconut under coastal littoral sandy soil. Journal of Plantation Crops, 33(3): 179-183.
Tennakoon N A. and Bandara S.D.H. 2003. Nutrient content of some locally available organic material as alternative sources of nutrients for coconut. Cocos, 15(10): 23-30.
Tennakoon N A. 1990. Goat manure as a soil ameliorant and yield “stimulant” in Coconut. Cocos, 8: 26-32.
Tennakoon N A. 1988. Organic manure for crop production. Coconut Bulletin, 5(2): 13-14.
Tomlison P B. 1964. The vascular skeleton of coconut leaf base. Phytomorphology, 14 (2): 218-230.
Tomlison P B. 1961. Palmae, in Mercalfe C. (ed.) Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Oxford University Press.2: 453.
Uddin M S. 2003. Genetic diversity and on-farm conservation of coconut in Northern Luzon, Philippines. MS Thesis, University of Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 137.
Alam S.M, Latif A. and Iqbal Z. 1994. Phosphorus –Zinc interaction in wheat and maize crops. Proc. 4th National Congress of Soil Science, Islamabad.239-243.
Amalu UC. 1999. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on vegetative growth of young coconut palm trees. Global Journal of Pure Applied Science, 5(2):152-158.
Bliar N R, Faulkner D, Till A R. and Poulton P R. 2006. Long-term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility. Soil and Tillage Research, 91:30-38.
Bonneau X, Ochs R, Qusairi L. and Lubis LN. 1993. Hybrid coconut mineral nutrition on peat from the nursery to the start of production. Oleagineux, 48(1): 9-26.
Carpio CB, Santos G A, Emmanuel EE. and Novarianto H. 2005. Research on coconut genetic resources in South East and East Asia. Coconut Genetic Resources International Plant Genetic Resources Institute-Regional office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdange, Selangor DE, Malaysia. 533-545.
Cecil SR. and Khan HH. 1993. Nutritional requirements of crops and pastures. Journal of Agriculture Meteorology, 48: 775-778.
Emmanuel E E. 2002. Morphometric traits and DNA Profiles of three generations of selected coconut genotypes. MS Thesis, UPLB, Philippine. 98.
FAOSTAT. 2014. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations-Statistics. Retrieved January, 2015 from [http://faostat3.fao.org].
FAOSTAT. 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Economic and Social Department: The Statistical Division.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis for fertilizer recommendations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO Soils Bulletin, 38 / 2.
Foale MA. 2003. The coconut Odyssey: The bounteous possibilities of the Tree of life. ACIAR, Monograph No.101, Canberra, Australia.132.
Foale MA. 1992. Coconut genetic diversity present knowledge and future research needs. International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), Rome, Italy. 46- 66.
Ghosh A. and Sharma A R. 1999. Effect of combined use of organic manure and fertilizer on the performance of rice under flood-prone lowland conditions. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(4): 461-465.
Gomez K A. and Gomez AA. 1984. Statistics of agricultural research (2nd edition), John Willy and Sons, New York. 680.
Gupta PK. 2003. Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis. Agrobios, New Delhi, India.186.
Harries HC. 1978. The Evolution Dissemination and Classification of Coconut. In.: The Botanical Review, 44 (3): 256-319.
Hussian T, Jillani G. and Iqbal M Z. 1988. Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer in rice- wheat cropping system, Pakistan Journal of Soil Science, 3: 19-23.
ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research). 2004. Hand book of agriculture. New Delhi, India. 908.
IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute). 1995. Descriptors for coconut. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.17-29.
Iqbal M Z, Ajaz S. and Shafiq M. 2001. Effects of saline conditions on germination of perennial salt bush and Mung bean. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science, 17(1-2): 24-27.
Khan A, Jan M.T, Marwat K.B. and Arif M. 2009. Organic and inorganic nitrogen treatment effects on plant and yield attributes of maize in a different tillage systems. Pak. J. Bot., 41(1):99-108.
Leal EC, Santos ZG dos, Warwick R.A.M.C, Leal D.R.N, Das ML. and Renard JL. 1994. Effect of mineral nutrition on Lixas incidence in coconut. Oleagineux, 49(5): 213-220.
Magat S.S. 1996. Field notes on an update of coconut fertilizer use efficiency and productivity of SCFDP Farms. Philippines Journal of Coconut Studies, 19(1): 14-24.
Maheswarappa H.P, Nanjappa H.V. and Hegde M. R. 1998. Effect of sett size, plant population and organic manure’s on growth component of arrow root grown as inter-crop in coconut garden. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 32(4): 257-263.
Marimuthu R, Athmanathan U, Mohandas S. and Mohan S. 2001.Integrated nutrient management for coconut. South Indian Horticulture, 49: 145-148.
Markert B. 1990. Elements Constructions Cadsters in Ecosystems. V.C.H Federal Republic of Germany.448.
Mohandas S. 2012. Effect of NPK fertilizer levels on mineral nutrition and yield of hybrid (Tall x Dwarf) coconut. Madras Agri. J., 99 (1-3): 87-91.
Nadheesha M.K.F. and Tennakoon A. 2008. Removal of micronutrients from high and moderate yielding coconut plantation in Sri Lanka. In. Proc. of 2nd. Symp. on Plantation. Crop Res., Sri Lanka. 164-169.
Nair A. K. and Nair S.A. 2006. Influence of farm yard manure and nutrients on ridge and sponge gourd yield inter-cropped with coconut palm in south Andaman. International Journal of Agriculture Science, 2(1): 284-285.
Nath J. C, Chowdhary D. and Deka K.K. 2003. Nutritional requirement of COD x WCT Hybrid coconut in alluvial clay - loam soil of Asam. Journal of Plantation Crops, 31(2): 37-40.
Perera SA.C.N, Ekanayake G.K. and Herath, H.M.N.B. 2015. An investigation of the tender nut potential of diverse coconut (Coco nucifera L.) varieties / forms in Sri Lanka. CORD, 31(1):39-45.
Santos GA, Batugal P.A, Othman L, Baudouin L. and J. P. Labouisse. 1996. Manual on standardized research techniques in coconut breeding. IPGRI-COGENT, Singapore, 6-46.
Secretaria M.I. and Maravilla J.N. 1997. Response of hybrid coconut palm to application of manures and fertilizers from field planting to full-bearing stage. Plantations, Recherche & Développement, 4(2): 126-138.
Solangi AH, Iqbal M. Z. and Shafiq M. 2014. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments on Inflorescence and flower Morphology and Yield of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). CORD, 3(2):10-18.
Solangi AH. 2013. Thesis entitled “Determination of Morphological Diversity and Yield of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments”. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) in Botany.
Solangi AH. and Iqbal M Z. 2012. Preliminary studies on morphological diversity of coconut seedlings by organic and inorganic fertilizers amendments at Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(1): 161-164.
Solangi A H. 2001. Characterization of Twenty Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties based on leaf Morpho-Physiological markers. MS Thesis, University of Philippine, Los Banos, Philippines.28-34.
Steel R G.D, Torrie J H. and Dickey D. 1996. Principles and procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical approach, 3rd edn. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. Singapore.34.
Subramanian P, Dhanapal R, Sanil P, Palaniswami C, Sairam C.V. and Matheswarappa H.P. 2005. Gliricidia as green manure in improving soil fertility and productivity of coconut under coastal littoral sandy soil. Journal of Plantation Crops, 33(3): 179-183.
Tennakoon N A. and Bandara S.D.H. 2003. Nutrient content of some locally available organic material as alternative sources of nutrients for coconut. Cocos, 15(10): 23-30.
Tennakoon N A. 1990. Goat manure as a soil ameliorant and yield “stimulant” in Coconut. Cocos, 8: 26-32.
Tennakoon N A. 1988. Organic manure for crop production. Coconut Bulletin, 5(2): 13-14.
Tomlison P B. 1964. The vascular skeleton of coconut leaf base. Phytomorphology, 14 (2): 218-230.
Tomlison P B. 1961. Palmae, in Mercalfe C. (ed.) Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Oxford University Press.2: 453.
Uddin M S. 2003. Genetic diversity and on-farm conservation of coconut in Northern Luzon, Philippines. MS Thesis, University of Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 137.
Published
2017-04-01
How to Cite
Solangi, A. H., Iqbal, M. Z., & Baloch, P. A. (2017). Study of some Morphological Characters in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) as Effected by Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments in Sandy Loam Soil of Karachi, Pakistan. CORD, 33(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v33i1.53
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Articles
