Ecofriendly Organosolv Process for Pulping of Tender Coconut Fibre
Keywords:
tender coconut, organosolv pulping, morphology, handmade paper, organosolv lignin
Abstract
The huge biomass generated by vendors of tender coconut is the broken husks refuse dumped along roads and highways in Kerala. These dumps become breeding grounds for diseased causing germs and carrier mosquitoes causing threat to human life. In order to avoid pollution and find use of the rejected biomass of tender husks, a study was carried out on pulping of tender coconut husk fibre which could be used for papermaking. The optimum pulping condition, the quality of the pulp and its yield was evaluated using different variables like time and temperature. It was observed that the organosolv process could efficiently remove lignin from the tender coconut fibre yielding maximum cellulose. During the traditional pulping processes such as Kraft pulping to isolate the cellulose fibers for the production of paper, the hemicellulose and lignin fractions are degraded, limiting their valorization possibilities. Organosolv pulping has been advocated as the environmentally benign version of the kraft process. Unlike other pretreatment methods, organic solvents can easily be recycled and reused. The lignin dissolved by organosolv pulping is easily recovered by dilution and is unsulphonated and relatively unmodified. Products like handmade paper, egg cartons, handicraft items, garden articles like paper pots could be made from the organasolv pulp of tender coconut husk fibre.
References
Acid-insoluble Lignin in Wood and Pulp. TAPPI standard T 222 om-98.
Ameida, J.R.N.D., Aquino, R.C.M.P., and Monteiro, S.N. 2006. Tensile mechanical properties, morphological aspects and chemical characterization (Attaleafunifera) fibres, Composite Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing 37 (9): 1473-1479.
Ash in wood, pulp, paper and paperboard: combustion at 525°C. TAPPI standard T 211 om-02
Candido, R.G., Godoy, G.G., Goncalves, A.R. 2012. Study of sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a step of cellulose obtaining, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 61:101-105.
Canetieri, E., Rocha, G.J.M., de Carvalho, J.R., Silva, J.B. 2007. A. Optimization of acid hydrolysis from the hemicellulosic fraction ofEucalyptus grandis residue using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology 98(2):422-8.
Eichhorn, S. J., Baillie, C.A., Zafeiropoulos, N., Mwaikambo, L.Y., Ansell, M.P., Dufresne, A., P.J., Escamilla, G. C., Groom, L., Hughes, M., Hill, C., Rials, T. G. and Wild, P. M. 2001. Review: Current international research into cellulosic fibres and composites, Journal of Materials Science 36 (9):2107-2131.
Esmeraldo M.A., Antonio C.H. Barreto., Jose E. B. Freitas., Pierre B., A. Fechine., S.B. Sombra., Elisangela Corradini., Giuseppe Mele., Alfonso Maffezzoli and Selma, E. Mazzetto. 2010. Dwarf-green coconut fibers: a versatile natural renewable raw bioresource. Treatment, morphology, and physicochemical properties, Bio Resources 5 (4): 2478-2501.
Fernandez, N. 1996. Pulp and paper development from sugarcane bagasse. In: Third Internacional Non-wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Proceedings, Pequim (1):231-240.
Ganan, P., and Mondragon, I.2005. Effect of fibre treatments on mechanical behavior of short fique fibre- reinforced polyacetal composites. Journal of Composites Science and Technology 59(9): 1303-1309.
“Kappa Number of Pulp.” TAPPI Method T 236 cm-85
Karnani R., Krishnan M., Narayan, R. 2004. Biofiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Polymer Engineering and Science 37(2): 476-483.
Laly, A. Pothan., Sabu Thomas. 2003. Polarity parameters and dynamic mechanical behaviour of chemically modified banana fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Science and technology 63(9): 1231-1240.
Li, Yang ., Arthur, J. Ragauskas. 2012. Ethanol organosolv lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers. RSC Adv 2:3347-3351.
Method of test for holocellulose in wood, USA. 1978. ASTM D: 1104-56.
Mitra B.C., R.K. Basak, and M. Sarkar 1998. Studies on jute-reinforced composites, its limitations and some solutions through chemical modification of fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 67(6):1093–1100.
Mohanty, K., M. Misra and G. Hinrichsen. 2000. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular materials and engineering 276/277:1-24.
Mohanty, S., and Nayak, S.K. 2004. Effect of MAPP as coupling agent on the performance of sisal-PP composites. Journal Reinforced Plastics and Composites 23(18):2047-2063.
Pires, M., Costa, R.S., Jose´, A.S., Badaro´, M. M., Midlej, C., Alves, J.M. 2004. A cultura do coco: umaana´ liseeconoˆ mica (The coconut culture: an economical evaluation). Rev. Bras. Frutic. 26(1): 173-176.
Pothan L.A., Thomas, S., N.R. Neelakantan. 1997. Short Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: Mechanical, Failure and Aging Characteristics. Journal of reinforced plastics and composites 16(8): 744-765.
Pothan, L.A., Oommen, Z., Thomas, S., Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites 2003. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2), 283–293.
Presley, J.R., R.T. Hill. 1996. The Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching. In: Peroxide Bleaching of Chemimechanical Pulps, Pulp Bleaching: Principles and Practice, Carlton W.D. and D.W. Reeve (Eds.). Chap. 1. TAPPI Press, Atlanta: 457-512.
R.C. Leitão, A. M. Arau´ jo, M.A. Freitas-Neto, M.F. Rosa, S.T. Santaella. 2009. Anaerobic treatment of coconut husk liquor for biogas production. Water Science & Technology—WST, 59(9):1841-1846.
Ratta, V. 1999. Thesis on the crystallization, morphology, thermal stability and adhesive properties of novel high performance semi crystalline polymides. Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
Saberikhah E., J. Mohammadi Rovshandeh., P. Rezayati-Charani. 2011. Organosolv pulping of wheat straw by glycerol. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 45(1-2):67-65.
Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. (Proposed revision of TAPPI T 204 cm-97)
Uppdegraf . 1969. Semimicro Determination of Cellulose in Biological Materials. Analytical Biochemistry 32:420-424
Van Dam, J.E.G., Van Oever, M.J.A., Wouter Teunissen, Edwin R. P Keijsers, Aurora G Peralta. 2004. Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk: Part 2: Coconut husk morphology, composition and properties. Industrial Crops and Products 19(3): 207-216.
Varma, D.S.,Varma, M., and Varma, I.K.1986. Thermal behavior of coir fibres. Thermochimica Acta 108:199-210.
Vasquez-Torres, H., Canche-Escamilla, G., and Cruz-Ramos, C.A.1992. Coconut husk lignin. 1. Extraction and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45: 633-644.
Zhiqiang. Li, Zehui Jiang, Bengua Fei, Xunjun Pan, Zhiyong Cai, Xing’e Liu and Yan Yu. 2012. Bamboo organosolv pretreatment, Bioresources 7 (3): 3452-3462.
Ameida, J.R.N.D., Aquino, R.C.M.P., and Monteiro, S.N. 2006. Tensile mechanical properties, morphological aspects and chemical characterization (Attaleafunifera) fibres, Composite Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing 37 (9): 1473-1479.
Ash in wood, pulp, paper and paperboard: combustion at 525°C. TAPPI standard T 211 om-02
Candido, R.G., Godoy, G.G., Goncalves, A.R. 2012. Study of sugarcane bagasse pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a step of cellulose obtaining, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 61:101-105.
Canetieri, E., Rocha, G.J.M., de Carvalho, J.R., Silva, J.B. 2007. A. Optimization of acid hydrolysis from the hemicellulosic fraction ofEucalyptus grandis residue using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology 98(2):422-8.
Eichhorn, S. J., Baillie, C.A., Zafeiropoulos, N., Mwaikambo, L.Y., Ansell, M.P., Dufresne, A., P.J., Escamilla, G. C., Groom, L., Hughes, M., Hill, C., Rials, T. G. and Wild, P. M. 2001. Review: Current international research into cellulosic fibres and composites, Journal of Materials Science 36 (9):2107-2131.
Esmeraldo M.A., Antonio C.H. Barreto., Jose E. B. Freitas., Pierre B., A. Fechine., S.B. Sombra., Elisangela Corradini., Giuseppe Mele., Alfonso Maffezzoli and Selma, E. Mazzetto. 2010. Dwarf-green coconut fibers: a versatile natural renewable raw bioresource. Treatment, morphology, and physicochemical properties, Bio Resources 5 (4): 2478-2501.
Fernandez, N. 1996. Pulp and paper development from sugarcane bagasse. In: Third Internacional Non-wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Proceedings, Pequim (1):231-240.
Ganan, P., and Mondragon, I.2005. Effect of fibre treatments on mechanical behavior of short fique fibre- reinforced polyacetal composites. Journal of Composites Science and Technology 59(9): 1303-1309.
“Kappa Number of Pulp.” TAPPI Method T 236 cm-85
Karnani R., Krishnan M., Narayan, R. 2004. Biofiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Polymer Engineering and Science 37(2): 476-483.
Laly, A. Pothan., Sabu Thomas. 2003. Polarity parameters and dynamic mechanical behaviour of chemically modified banana fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Science and technology 63(9): 1231-1240.
Li, Yang ., Arthur, J. Ragauskas. 2012. Ethanol organosolv lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers. RSC Adv 2:3347-3351.
Method of test for holocellulose in wood, USA. 1978. ASTM D: 1104-56.
Mitra B.C., R.K. Basak, and M. Sarkar 1998. Studies on jute-reinforced composites, its limitations and some solutions through chemical modification of fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 67(6):1093–1100.
Mohanty, K., M. Misra and G. Hinrichsen. 2000. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular materials and engineering 276/277:1-24.
Mohanty, S., and Nayak, S.K. 2004. Effect of MAPP as coupling agent on the performance of sisal-PP composites. Journal Reinforced Plastics and Composites 23(18):2047-2063.
Pires, M., Costa, R.S., Jose´, A.S., Badaro´, M. M., Midlej, C., Alves, J.M. 2004. A cultura do coco: umaana´ liseeconoˆ mica (The coconut culture: an economical evaluation). Rev. Bras. Frutic. 26(1): 173-176.
Pothan L.A., Thomas, S., N.R. Neelakantan. 1997. Short Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: Mechanical, Failure and Aging Characteristics. Journal of reinforced plastics and composites 16(8): 744-765.
Pothan, L.A., Oommen, Z., Thomas, S., Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites 2003. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2), 283–293.
Presley, J.R., R.T. Hill. 1996. The Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching. In: Peroxide Bleaching of Chemimechanical Pulps, Pulp Bleaching: Principles and Practice, Carlton W.D. and D.W. Reeve (Eds.). Chap. 1. TAPPI Press, Atlanta: 457-512.
R.C. Leitão, A. M. Arau´ jo, M.A. Freitas-Neto, M.F. Rosa, S.T. Santaella. 2009. Anaerobic treatment of coconut husk liquor for biogas production. Water Science & Technology—WST, 59(9):1841-1846.
Ratta, V. 1999. Thesis on the crystallization, morphology, thermal stability and adhesive properties of novel high performance semi crystalline polymides. Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
Saberikhah E., J. Mohammadi Rovshandeh., P. Rezayati-Charani. 2011. Organosolv pulping of wheat straw by glycerol. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 45(1-2):67-65.
Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. (Proposed revision of TAPPI T 204 cm-97)
Uppdegraf . 1969. Semimicro Determination of Cellulose in Biological Materials. Analytical Biochemistry 32:420-424
Van Dam, J.E.G., Van Oever, M.J.A., Wouter Teunissen, Edwin R. P Keijsers, Aurora G Peralta. 2004. Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk: Part 2: Coconut husk morphology, composition and properties. Industrial Crops and Products 19(3): 207-216.
Varma, D.S.,Varma, M., and Varma, I.K.1986. Thermal behavior of coir fibres. Thermochimica Acta 108:199-210.
Vasquez-Torres, H., Canche-Escamilla, G., and Cruz-Ramos, C.A.1992. Coconut husk lignin. 1. Extraction and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45: 633-644.
Zhiqiang. Li, Zehui Jiang, Bengua Fei, Xunjun Pan, Zhiyong Cai, Xing’e Liu and Yan Yu. 2012. Bamboo organosolv pretreatment, Bioresources 7 (3): 3452-3462.
Published
2015-04-01
How to Cite
Jincy, P. J., Ravindranath, A. D., & Sarma, U. S. (2015). Ecofriendly Organosolv Process for Pulping of Tender Coconut Fibre. CORD, 31(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v31i1.64
Section
Articles
