Effect of Selected Leguminous Cover Crop Species on the Productivity of Coconut Cultivated in Reddish Brown Latosolic Soils in Sri Lanka

  • S.H.S. Senarathne
  • S. S. Udumann
Keywords: Gliricidia, Pueraria, coconut, cover crops, soil amendment

Abstract

This study was conducted for six years to assess the effects of two widely grown cover crops Gliricidia sepium (T1) and Puereria phasioloides (T2) on coconut yields and soil characteristics. Experiments were carried out on coconuts planted in Reddish Brown Latosolic soils located in the low country intermediate zone-IL1 of Sri Lanka. Results showed that treatments 1 and 2 were significantly (p≤0.05) effective over the control treatment (no cover crop) in suppressing weed biomass. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. Results showed that soils where G. sepium and P. phasioloides were grown were superior in most of the properties compared to the control. Soils under P. phasioloides showed significantly higher moisture contents compared to G. sepium and control treatments. Significant increases on soil properties were likewise observed in G. sepium and P. phasioloides plots: nitrogen (by 77% and 76 %), organic carbon content (by 86% and 148%), soil microbial activity (by 52% and 73%), respectively. On the other hand, soil bulk densities were reduced significantly by 20% and 27% under G. sepium and P. phasioloides, respectively. There was no significant increase observed on available P but P content improved with the establishment of cover crops. Significant increases in mean annual nut yields were observed during the 4th, 5th, and 6th years after cover crops establishment. Nut yields were found to increase with G. sepium and P. phasioloides by 46% and 58%, respectively when compared to that of control treatment plots.

References

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Ayarza, M., Barrios, E., Rao, I.M., Amezquita, E., Rondón, M. 2007. Advances in improving agricultural profitability and overcoming land degradation in savanna and hillside agroecosystems of tropical America. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Kihara J, Kimetu J, editors. Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. The Netherlands: Springer; pp. 209-229.

Benchaar, C., Pomar, C. and Chiquette, J. 2001. Evaluation of dietary strategies to reduce methane production in ruminants: A modelling approach. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2 ;81:563-574.

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Daigh, A.L., Zhou, X., Helmers, M.J., Pederson, C.H., Ewing, R. and Horton, R. 2014. Subsurface drainage flow and soil water dynamics of reconstructed prairies and corn rotations for biofuel production, Vadose Zone J., 13: 1-11.

Doran, J.W., Fraser, D.G., Culik, M.N., Liebhardt, W.C. 1988. Influence of alternative and conventional agricultural management on soil microbial process and nitrogen availability. Amarican Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 2: 99 –106.

Egodawatta, W.C.P., Sangakkara, U.R., Stamp, P. 2012. Impact of Green Manure and Mineral Fertlizer Inputs on Soil Organic Matter and Crop Productivity in a Slopping Landscape of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Research, 129: pp. 21-27.

Emerson, W. 1995. Water retention, organic –C and soil texture, Soil Research, 33: 241-251.
Eriksen, J. 2005. Gross sulphur mineralization-immobilization turnover in soil amended with plant residues. Soil Biol. Biochem, 37: 2216–2224.

Follett, R.F., Paul, E.A. and Pruessner, E.G. 2007. Soil Carbon Dynamics during a Long Term Incubation Study Involving13C and 14C Measurements. Soil Science, 172: 189-208.

Gachengo, C.N., Palm, C.A., Jama, B., Othieno, C. 1999.Tithonia and Senna green manures and inorganic fertilizers as phosphorus sources for maize in western Kenya. Agroforestry Systems, 44: 21-36.

Gulser, C., Demir, Z. and Serkan, I.C. 2010. Changes in Some Soil Properties at Different Incubation Periods afterTobacco Waste Application. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31: 671-674.

Hedin, L. O., Brookshire, E. N. J., Menge, D. N. L. and Barron, A. R. 2009. The nitrogen paradox in tropical forest ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40: 613–635.

Hsieh, H.C. and Hsieh,C.F. 1990. The use of organic matter in Crop Production, Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre Taipei, China, Extension Bulleting No. 315: 18.

Hudson, B. 1994. Soil organic matter and water holding capacity, J. Soil Water Conservation., 49: 189-194.

Isaac, L., Wood, C.W. and Shannon, D. A. 2003. Pruning management effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in contour hedgerow cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit on sloping land in Haiti. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 65:253–263.

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Jeyamala, M. and Soman P. 1999. Short term changes in soil fertility status in intensively managed Teak plantation. Indian Journal of Forestry, 22: 106-111.

JI, S. N. and Under, P. W. 2001. Soil water accumulation under different precipitation, potential evaporation and straw mulch conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65: 442–448.

Kang, B. T. 1997. Alley cropping—soil productivity and nutrient recycling. For Ecol Manag 91:75–82.

Kay, B. 1998. Soil structure and organic carbon; a review, Soil Processes Carbon Cycle, 169-197.

Kimaro, A.A., Timmer, V.R. and Mugasha, A.G. 2007. Nutrient use efficiency and biomass production of tree species for rotational woodlot systems in semi-arid Morogoro, Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems, 71: 175-184.

Kuchenbuch, R. O. and Ingram, K. T. 2004. Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167: 229–235.

Latt, C.R., Nair, P.K.R. and Kang, B. T. 2000. Interactions among cutting frequency, reserve carbohydrates, and post-cutting biomass production in Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala. Agrofor Syst, 50:27–46.
Lin, C., Tu, S., Huang, J. and Chen, Y. 2009. The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China. Soil Tillage Res, 105: 307–312.

Liyanage, M. de S. and Dassanayake, K. B. 1993. Experiences in coconut based farming systems in Sri Lanka. Advances in Coconut Research and Development (eds. M K Nair et al) Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 356 – 367.

Mahindapala, R. 1989. Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka Report. CRB, Sri Lanka.

Manivannan, S., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekaran, G. and Ranganathan, L.S. 2009. Effect of Vermicomposton Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity-Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).Journal of Environmental Biology, 30: 275-281.

Mapa, R.B., Dassanayake, A.R. and Nayakekorale, H.B. 2005. Soils of the Intermediate zone of Sri Lanka: morphology, characterization and classification. Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Mc Daniel, M., Tiemann, L. and Grandy, A. 2014. Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis, Ecol. Appl., 24:560-570.

Moore, E. B., Wiedenhoeft, M. H., Kaspar,T. C. and Cambardella, C.A. 2014. Rye cover crop effects on soil quality in no-till corn silage–soybean cropping systems, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 78: 968-976.

Nair, P. K. R., Buresh, R. J., Mugendi, D.N and Latt, C. R. 1999. Nutrient cycling in tropical agroforestry systems: myths and science. In: Buck LE, Lassoie JP, Fernandes ECM (eds) Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems. CRC Press/Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, Fl, USA, 1–31.
Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R., Palm, C.A. and Rao, M. R. 2000. Organic residues affect phosphorus availability and maize yields in a Nitisol of western Kenya. Biol Fertil Soils, 32: 328–339.

Poeplau, C. and Don, A. 2015. Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops—a meta-analysis, Agric. Ecosystem and Environment, 200; 33-41.

Quinkenstein, A., Wo¨llecke, J., Bo¨hm, C., Grunewald, H., Freese, D., Schneider, B.U. and Huttl, R.F. 2009. Ecological benefits of the alley cropping agroforestry system in sensitive regions of Europe. Environ Sci Policy, 12:1112–1121.

Reddy, K.S., Mohanty, M. and Rao, D.L.N. 2008. Nitrogen Mineralization in a Vertisol from organic manures, green manures and crop residues in relation to their quality, Agrochimica, 52-6: 377-388.

Sangakkara, U.R., Liedgens, M. and Soldati, A. 2004. Root and shoot growth of maize (Zea mays) as affected by incorporation of Crotalaria junceaand Tithonia diversifolia as green manures. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190: 339-346.

Schjonning, P., Elmholt, S. and Christensen, B. 2004. Soil quality management – Concepts and terms. In: Managing soil quality: Challenges in modern Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford, U.K, 1–16.

Seiter, S., and Horwath, W. R. 2004. Strategies for managing soil organic matter to supply plant nutrients. In F. Magdoff and R. R. Weil, eds., Soil organic matter in sustainable agriculture, Advances in Agroecology Series vol. 11. Boca Raton: CRC. 269–294.

Senarathne, S.H.S. and Sangakkara, U.R. 2009. Effect of different weed management systems on the weed populations, and seedbank composition and distribution in tropical coconut plantations, Weed Biology and Management, 9, 209–216.
Senarathne, S.H.S., Samarajeewa, A.D. and K.C.P. Pererea, 2003: Comparison of Different Weed Management Systems and their Effects on Yield of Coconut Plantations in Sri Lanka. Weed Biology and Management. 3, 158-162.

Sileshi, G. and Mafongoya, P.L. 2006. Long-term effects of improved legume fallows on soil invertebrate macrofauna and maize yield in eastern Zambia. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 115: 69-78.

Silva, G.T.A., Matos, L.V. and Nobrega, P.D. 2008. Chemical composition and decomposition rate of plants used as green manure. Scientia Agricola, 65: 298-305.

Simard, R.R. 1993. Ammonium acetate Extractable Elements. In: Martin R, Carter S (Eds) Soil sampling and methods of analysis, Lewis Publisher, Florida, USA, 39-43.

Six, J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A. and Paustian, K. 2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 241: 155–176.

Srinivasarao, C. H, Venkateswarlu, B., Dixit, Sreenath, Kundu, Sumanta, Gayatri Devi, K., 2011b. Livelihood Impacts of Soil Health Improvement in Backward and Tribal Districts of Andhra Pradesh. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, ppg119.

Statistical Analysis Systems [SAS], 1999. SAS 1, STAT Users Guide, Release, 7.00 Cary, NC: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, 1028.

Steele, M. K., Coale, F. J. and Hill, R. L. 2012. Winter annual cover crop impacts on no-till soil physical properties and organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 76: 2164-2173.

Steenwerth, K., and Belina, K.M. 2008. “Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and micro¬biological function in a vineyard agroecosystem.” Applied Soil Ecology. 40: 359–369.

Stotzky, L.M. 1965. Chemical and microbiological properties. In: black, C.A.E.; white, J.L.; Ensminger, L.E. & clarke, F.E., ed. Methods of soil analysis. Madison, Soil Science Society of America, 2: p.1550-1572.

Villamil, M.B., Bollero, G.A., Darmody, R.G., Simmons, F.W. and Bullock, D.G. 2006. No-till corn/soybean systems including winter cover crops, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70: 1936-1944.

Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and Prepared Modification of the Chronic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science, 34, 29-38.

Wang, L., Tang, L., Wang, X. and Chen, F. 2010. Effects of alley crop planting on soil and nutrient losses in the citrus orchards of the Three Gorges Region. Soil Tillage Res, 110:243–250.

Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for soil management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, ppg 320.

Anderson, J.M. and Ingram, J.S.I. 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. A Handbook of Methods 2nd ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. pp 221.

Ayarza, M., Barrios, E., Rao, I.M., Amezquita, E., Rondón, M. 2007. Advances in improving agricultural profitability and overcoming land degradation in savanna and hillside agroecosystems of tropical America. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Kihara J, Kimetu J, editors. Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. The Netherlands: Springer; pp. 209-229.

Benchaar, C., Pomar, C. and Chiquette, J. 2001. Evaluation of dietary strategies to reduce methane production in ruminants: A modelling approach. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2 ;81:563-574.

Coconut Research Institute 2012. Cover crops in coconut land. Available from: http://www.cri.gov.lk/. (Accessed: 19 January 2014).

Daigh, A.L., Zhou, X., Helmers, M.J., Pederson, C.H., Ewing, R. and Horton, R. 2014. Subsurface drainage flow and soil water dynamics of reconstructed prairies and corn rotations for biofuel production, Vadose Zone J., 13: 1-11.

Doran, J.W., Fraser, D.G., Culik, M.N., Liebhardt, W.C. 1988. Influence of alternative and conventional agricultural management on soil microbial process and nitrogen availability. Amarican Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 2: 99 –106.

Egodawatta, W.C.P., Sangakkara, U.R., Stamp, P. 2012. Impact of Green Manure and Mineral Fertlizer Inputs on Soil Organic Matter and Crop Productivity in a Slopping Landscape of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Research, 129: pp. 21-27.

Emerson, W. 1995. Water retention, organic –C and soil texture, Soil Research, 33: 241-251.
Eriksen, J. 2005. Gross sulphur mineralization-immobilization turnover in soil amended with plant residues. Soil Biol. Biochem, 37: 2216–2224.

Follett, R.F., Paul, E.A. and Pruessner, E.G. 2007. Soil Carbon Dynamics during a Long Term Incubation Study Involving13C and 14C Measurements. Soil Science, 172: 189-208.

Gachengo, C.N., Palm, C.A., Jama, B., Othieno, C. 1999.Tithonia and Senna green manures and inorganic fertilizers as phosphorus sources for maize in western Kenya. Agroforestry Systems, 44: 21-36.

Gulser, C., Demir, Z. and Serkan, I.C. 2010. Changes in Some Soil Properties at Different Incubation Periods afterTobacco Waste Application. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31: 671-674.

Hedin, L. O., Brookshire, E. N. J., Menge, D. N. L. and Barron, A. R. 2009. The nitrogen paradox in tropical forest ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40: 613–635.

Hsieh, H.C. and Hsieh,C.F. 1990. The use of organic matter in Crop Production, Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre Taipei, China, Extension Bulleting No. 315: 18.

Hudson, B. 1994. Soil organic matter and water holding capacity, J. Soil Water Conservation., 49: 189-194.

Isaac, L., Wood, C.W. and Shannon, D. A. 2003. Pruning management effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in contour hedgerow cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit on sloping land in Haiti. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 65:253–263.

Jackson, M.L. 1973.Soil Chemical Analysis (1st Ed), Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 111-204.

Jeyamala, M. and Soman P. 1999. Short term changes in soil fertility status in intensively managed Teak plantation. Indian Journal of Forestry, 22: 106-111.

JI, S. N. and Under, P. W. 2001. Soil water accumulation under different precipitation, potential evaporation and straw mulch conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65: 442–448.

Kang, B. T. 1997. Alley cropping—soil productivity and nutrient recycling. For Ecol Manag 91:75–82.

Kay, B. 1998. Soil structure and organic carbon; a review, Soil Processes Carbon Cycle, 169-197.

Kimaro, A.A., Timmer, V.R. and Mugasha, A.G. 2007. Nutrient use efficiency and biomass production of tree species for rotational woodlot systems in semi-arid Morogoro, Tanzania. Agroforestry Systems, 71: 175-184.

Kuchenbuch, R. O. and Ingram, K. T. 2004. Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167: 229–235.

Latt, C.R., Nair, P.K.R. and Kang, B. T. 2000. Interactions among cutting frequency, reserve carbohydrates, and post-cutting biomass production in Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala. Agrofor Syst, 50:27–46.
Lin, C., Tu, S., Huang, J. and Chen, Y. 2009. The effect of plant hedgerows on the spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple-soil area of China. Soil Tillage Res, 105: 307–312.

Liyanage, M. de S. and Dassanayake, K. B. 1993. Experiences in coconut based farming systems in Sri Lanka. Advances in Coconut Research and Development (eds. M K Nair et al) Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 356 – 367.

Mahindapala, R. 1989. Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka Report. CRB, Sri Lanka.

Manivannan, S., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekaran, G. and Ranganathan, L.S. 2009. Effect of Vermicomposton Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity-Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).Journal of Environmental Biology, 30: 275-281.

Mapa, R.B., Dassanayake, A.R. and Nayakekorale, H.B. 2005. Soils of the Intermediate zone of Sri Lanka: morphology, characterization and classification. Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Mc Daniel, M., Tiemann, L. and Grandy, A. 2014. Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis, Ecol. Appl., 24:560-570.

Moore, E. B., Wiedenhoeft, M. H., Kaspar,T. C. and Cambardella, C.A. 2014. Rye cover crop effects on soil quality in no-till corn silage–soybean cropping systems, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 78: 968-976.

Nair, P. K. R., Buresh, R. J., Mugendi, D.N and Latt, C. R. 1999. Nutrient cycling in tropical agroforestry systems: myths and science. In: Buck LE, Lassoie JP, Fernandes ECM (eds) Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems. CRC Press/Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, Fl, USA, 1–31.
Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R., Palm, C.A. and Rao, M. R. 2000. Organic residues affect phosphorus availability and maize yields in a Nitisol of western Kenya. Biol Fertil Soils, 32: 328–339.

Poeplau, C. and Don, A. 2015. Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops—a meta-analysis, Agric. Ecosystem and Environment, 200; 33-41.

Quinkenstein, A., Wo¨llecke, J., Bo¨hm, C., Grunewald, H., Freese, D., Schneider, B.U. and Huttl, R.F. 2009. Ecological benefits of the alley cropping agroforestry system in sensitive regions of Europe. Environ Sci Policy, 12:1112–1121.

Reddy, K.S., Mohanty, M. and Rao, D.L.N. 2008. Nitrogen Mineralization in a Vertisol from organic manures, green manures and crop residues in relation to their quality, Agrochimica, 52-6: 377-388.

Sangakkara, U.R., Liedgens, M. and Soldati, A. 2004. Root and shoot growth of maize (Zea mays) as affected by incorporation of Crotalaria junceaand Tithonia diversifolia as green manures. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190: 339-346.

Schjonning, P., Elmholt, S. and Christensen, B. 2004. Soil quality management – Concepts and terms. In: Managing soil quality: Challenges in modern Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford, U.K, 1–16.

Seiter, S., and Horwath, W. R. 2004. Strategies for managing soil organic matter to supply plant nutrients. In F. Magdoff and R. R. Weil, eds., Soil organic matter in sustainable agriculture, Advances in Agroecology Series vol. 11. Boca Raton: CRC. 269–294.

Senarathne, S.H.S. and Sangakkara, U.R. 2009. Effect of different weed management systems on the weed populations, and seedbank composition and distribution in tropical coconut plantations, Weed Biology and Management, 9, 209–216.
Senarathne, S.H.S., Samarajeewa, A.D. and K.C.P. Pererea, 2003: Comparison of Different Weed Management Systems and their Effects on Yield of Coconut Plantations in Sri Lanka. Weed Biology and Management. 3, 158-162.

Sileshi, G. and Mafongoya, P.L. 2006. Long-term effects of improved legume fallows on soil invertebrate macrofauna and maize yield in eastern Zambia. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 115: 69-78.

Silva, G.T.A., Matos, L.V. and Nobrega, P.D. 2008. Chemical composition and decomposition rate of plants used as green manure. Scientia Agricola, 65: 298-305.

Simard, R.R. 1993. Ammonium acetate Extractable Elements. In: Martin R, Carter S (Eds) Soil sampling and methods of analysis, Lewis Publisher, Florida, USA, 39-43.

Six, J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A. and Paustian, K. 2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 241: 155–176.

Srinivasarao, C. H, Venkateswarlu, B., Dixit, Sreenath, Kundu, Sumanta, Gayatri Devi, K., 2011b. Livelihood Impacts of Soil Health Improvement in Backward and Tribal Districts of Andhra Pradesh. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, ppg119.

Statistical Analysis Systems [SAS], 1999. SAS 1, STAT Users Guide, Release, 7.00 Cary, NC: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, 1028.

Steele, M. K., Coale, F. J. and Hill, R. L. 2012. Winter annual cover crop impacts on no-till soil physical properties and organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 76: 2164-2173.

Steenwerth, K., and Belina, K.M. 2008. “Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and micro¬biological function in a vineyard agroecosystem.” Applied Soil Ecology. 40: 359–369.

Stotzky, L.M. 1965. Chemical and microbiological properties. In: black, C.A.E.; white, J.L.; Ensminger, L.E. & clarke, F.E., ed. Methods of soil analysis. Madison, Soil Science Society of America, 2: p.1550-1572.

Villamil, M.B., Bollero, G.A., Darmody, R.G., Simmons, F.W. and Bullock, D.G. 2006. No-till corn/soybean systems including winter cover crops, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70: 1936-1944.

Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and Prepared Modification of the Chronic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science, 34, 29-38.

Wang, L., Tang, L., Wang, X. and Chen, F. 2010. Effects of alley crop planting on soil and nutrient losses in the citrus orchards of the Three Gorges Region. Soil Tillage Res, 110:243–250.

Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for soil management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, ppg 320.

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Published
2022-01-25
How to Cite
Senarathne, S., & Udumann, S. S. (2022). Effect of Selected Leguminous Cover Crop Species on the Productivity of Coconut Cultivated in Reddish Brown Latosolic Soils in Sri Lanka. CORD, 37, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.435
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